The first chair of Yiddish language and literature in the world was created at the Belorussian State University. Yiddish writers Zelik Akselrod — , Moyshe Kulbak — , and Izi Kharik — , as well as the Jewish historian Yisroel Sosis — lived there; however, with a few exceptions the periodicals Oktyabr and Shtern and the State Theater , all Yiddish institutions were dismantled by as part of the campaign against national minorities.
The economic revolution that emerged after had a strong impact on the Jewish population. While the new system radically altered the socioeconomic structure of Minsk Jewry, it at the same time offered unprecedented upward mobility. If in the proportion of merchants among the Jewish population had been 24 percent, in these numbers had fallen to 7 percent; and by the mids the category of private merchants no longer existed. The proportion of Jews in the crafts remained high, amounting to In , the number of Jews employed in professional and public positions, management, and police had been almost null only 19 Jews were employed in public agencies.
However, by they numbered 2, Jews made up 56 percent of the clerks employed in commercial enterprises, In fewer Jews were employed in other branches such as transportation and communication.
The railroad sector in particular remained, as it had been under the tsar, a non-Jewish monopoly. In the early days of the occupation, thousands of men of different nationalities were rounded up and the majority of Jews were executed.
The rest were imprisoned in the ghetto, which had been established in July at the outskirts of the city, close to the Jewish cemetery. Subsequently, about 8, German, Austrian, and Czech Jews were deported to Minsk and held in the ghetto. A large percentage of the ghetto inhabitants 85, were killed during aktion s from November to July In , a group of Jews among them the Polish Jew Hersh Smolar ; — organized a resistance movement in the ghetto in close connection with the Minsk Communist underground, led by Isay Kazinets — and Masha Bruskina — The resistance enabled thousands of Jews to escape to the forests, where they founded seven partisan brigades, one of which, in September , organized the assassination of the governor-general of Belorussia, Wilhelm Kube.
Approximately 10, Minsk Jews succeeded in escaping from the ghetto, a proportion without parallel in Holocaust history. A depot and a water supply system were built by A horse-tram network was launched in Minsk had its first electric power plant in and telephone communication service in The first theater was opened in When World War One began , the Minsk military district was established to replace the Vilno military district.
Gubernatorskaya Street, Zakharyevskaya Street, Vilensky railway station, View of Zakharyevskaya Street from Alexandrovsky Park. Soviet government was instituted in Minsk on 25 October , however, its authority became strong only in after the city was liberated from Germans first and from Poles later. Minsk's restoration began after the Civil War. Tram service and radio broadcasts became available in the s. Street traffic in Minsk, Photo By BelTA.
Construction of the House of Government in Minsk, May Day Parade, Photo by BelTA. Sovietskaya Street in Minsk, On the eve of the Great Patriotic War , Minsk was home to over , people.
In the very first days of the Great Patriotic War , Minsk bore the brunt of massive air raids. The city was flattened out, with the water and power grids completely destroyed and the railways heavily damaged. Soviet troops bravely defended Minsk from 25 June through 28 June. Nazi tanks entered the city in the afternoon on 28 June. Fighting continued amid the burning buildings. In the period of German occupation, the city saw a strong underground resistance movement. In the occupation period from 28 June through 3 July , the invaders set up several concentration camps in Minsk and its suburbs, the Trostenets death camp and the Minsk ghetto.
German military hardware in Gorkogo Street, Minsk, June By the number of victims, the Trostenets death camp is the largest death camp in the former USSR and Europe's fourth largest death camp after the camps in Auschwitz, Majdanek, and Treblinka.
Depot of the Minsk-Tovarnaya station during the Nazi occupation, Minsk was liberated from the Nazi invaders as part of the Belarusian offensive codenamed Operation Bagration. The city was freed from the invaders on 3 July. After the union of the Grand Duchy with the Kingdom of Poland by marriage in , the two eventually joined to create the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in By this time, Russian forces had already begun attempts to reunite the lands of the former Kievan Rus' which succeeded in as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth dissolved under the partitioning of Poland, leaving Belarusian lands to Imperial Russia.
It wasn't until the First World War that the German Empire got its hands on the region, giving Belarus its first chance to declare independence in Almost immediately Belarus was stuck once again in the middle of a war, as Poland fought Soviet Russia dividing Belarusian lands between the two nations yet again.
Nearly 20 years later, as Poland was somewhat distracted by the Second World War unfurling around it, the BSSR marched in and claimed its original western regions. The most devastating period for modern Belarus followed this brief victory, as Germany invaded the Soviet Union and once again Belarus was caught in the midst of it all. Its lands were destroyed, buildings razed to the ground, and two to three million people killed - not to mention a completely devastated Jewish population.
An intense period of Russification ensued, as Stalin sought to isolate the BSSR for western Europe as the region worked hard to rebuilt after the near complete destruction of the war. And to top it all off the country was severely hit by nuclear fallout from nearby Chernobyl in The USSR eventually collapsed, allowing Belarus to finally declare sovereignty in , changing its name to the Republic of Belarus in A national constitution was drawn up the same year, and the first elections for presidency took place in which resulted in the appointment of Aleksander Lukashenko as Belarus' president.
End of — Partisan movement begins in Belarus and becomes the biggest movement in Europe before On 3 July, Minsk is liberated. February — Yalta conference expelled Poles from the western region of Belarus.
The region was officially recognised as part of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. April — Chernobyl Nuclear reactor disaster pollutes large areas of Belarusian territories.
The move virtually proclaimed the independence of the Belarusian SSR. Aleksandr Lukashenko became the first President of the Republic of Belarus. The head of state was inaugurated on 20 June The referendum took care of giving the Russian language an equal status with the Belarusian language, establishment of a new national flag and a new national emblem of the Republic of Belarus, economic integration with the Russian Federation It became a strong social institution afterwards.
The representatives from all over the country gathered to discuss the main tendencies of social and economic development in the country. Amendments and addenda were introduced to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus to create a bicameral parliament, expand the powers of the President. The document took effect on 1 January Official Website of the Republic of Belarus. About Belarus.
Key facts. Humanitarian cooperation. Symbols of the Republic of Belarus. Climate and weather.
0コメント